覃文 发表于 2010-7-23 15:55:58

微波的基本概念

<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>dBm</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">意即分贝毫瓦。<SPAN lang=EN-US> <?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US><A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/44147.htm" target=_blank><SPAN style="COLOR: #3366cc" lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>功率</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN>单位 与<SPAN lang=EN-US>P</SPAN>(瓦特)换算公式:<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>1dBm=30+10lgP (P:</SPAN>瓦<SPAN lang=EN-US> ) <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; MARGIN: 11.25pt 0cm; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 4" class=MsoNormal align=left><A name=1_1></A><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">纯计数单位<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  首先,<SPAN lang=EN-US> DB </SPAN>是一个纯计数单位:对于功率,<SPAN lang=EN-US>dB = 10*lg(A/B)</SPAN>。对于电压或电流,<SPAN lang=EN-US>dB = 20*lg(A/B).dB</SPAN>的意义其实再简单不过了,就是把一个很大(后面跟一长串<SPAN lang=EN-US>0</SPAN>的)或者很小(前面有一长串<SPAN lang=EN-US>0</SPAN>的)的数比较简短地表示出来。如:<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>X=1000000000000000 (</SPAN>多少个了<SPAN lang=EN-US>?) <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>10lgX=150dB <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>X=0.000000000000001 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>10lgX=-150 dB <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>dBm </SPAN>定义的是<SPAN lang=EN-US> miliwatt</SPAN>。<SPAN lang=EN-US> 0 dBm=10lg1mw</SPAN>;<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>dBw </SPAN>定义<SPAN lang=EN-US> watt</SPAN>。<SPAN lang=EN-US> 0 dBw = 10lg1 W = 10lg1000 mw = 30 dBm</SPAN>。<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>DB</SPAN>在缺省情况下总是定义功率单位,以<SPAN lang=EN-US> 10lg </SPAN>为计。当然某些情况下可以用信号强度(<SPAN lang=EN-US>Amplitude</SPAN>)来描述功和功率,这时候就用<SPAN lang=EN-US> 20lg </SPAN>为计。不管是控制领域还是信号处理领域都是这样。比如有时候大家可以看到<SPAN lang=EN-US> dBmV </SPAN>的表达。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; MARGIN: 11.25pt 0cm; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 4" class=MsoNormal align=left><A name=2_1></A><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">注意基本概念<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  在<SPAN lang=EN-US>dB</SPAN>,<SPAN lang=EN-US>dBm</SPAN>计算中,要注意基本概念。比如前面说的<SPAN lang=EN-US> 0dBw = 10lg1W = 10lg1000mw = 30dBm</SPAN>;又比如,用一个<SPAN lang=EN-US>dBm </SPAN>减另外一个<SPAN lang=EN-US>dBm</SPAN>时,得到的结果是<SPAN lang=EN-US>dB</SPAN>。如:<SPAN lang=EN-US>30dBm - 0dBm = 30dB</SPAN>。<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; MARGIN: 11.25pt 0cm; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 4" class=MsoNormal align=left><A name=2_2></A><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>dB</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">和<SPAN lang=EN-US>dB</SPAN>之间只有加减<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  一般来讲,在工程中,<SPAN lang=EN-US>dB</SPAN>和<SPAN lang=EN-US>dB</SPAN>之间只有加减,没有乘除。而用得最多的是减法:<SPAN lang=EN-US>dBm </SPAN>减<SPAN lang=EN-US> dBm </SPAN>实际上是两个功率相除,信号功率和噪声功率相除就是信噪比(<SPAN lang=EN-US>SNR</SPAN>)。<SPAN lang=EN-US>dBm </SPAN>加<SPAN lang=EN-US> dBm </SPAN>实际上是两个功率相乘,这个已经不多见(我只知道在功率谱卷积计算中有这样的应用)。<SPAN lang=EN-US>dBm </SPAN>乘<SPAN lang=EN-US> dBm </SPAN>是什么,<SPAN lang=EN-US>1mW </SPAN>的<SPAN lang=EN-US> 1mW </SPAN>次方?除了同学们老给我写这样几乎可以和歌德巴赫猜想并驾齐驱的表达式外,我活了这么多年也没见过哪个工程领域玩这个。<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 2" class=MsoNormal align=left><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>[<A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/413258.htm?fr=ala0_1_1##"><SPAN style="COLOR: #3366cc" lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>编辑本段</SPAN></SPAN></A>]<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 2" class=MsoNormal align=left><A name=3></A><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>dB</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">是功率增益的单位<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  ,表示一个相对值。当计算<SPAN lang=EN-US>A</SPAN>的功率相比于<SPAN lang=EN-US>B</SPAN>大或小多少个<SPAN lang=EN-US>dB</SPAN>时,可按公式<SPAN lang=EN-US>10 lg A/B</SPAN>计算。例如:<SPAN lang=EN-US>A</SPAN>功率比<SPAN lang=EN-US>B</SPAN>功率大一倍,那么<SPAN lang=EN-US>10 lg A/B = 10 lg 2 = 3dB</SPAN>。也就是说,<SPAN lang=EN-US>A</SPAN>的功率比<SPAN lang=EN-US>B</SPAN>的功率大<SPAN lang=EN-US>3dB</SPAN>;如果<SPAN lang=EN-US>A</SPAN>的功率为<SPAN lang=EN-US>46dBm</SPAN>,<SPAN lang=EN-US>B</SPAN>的功率为<SPAN lang=EN-US>40dBm</SPAN>,则可以说,<SPAN lang=EN-US>A</SPAN>比<SPAN lang=EN-US>B</SPAN>大<SPAN lang=EN-US>6dB</SPAN>;如果<SPAN lang=EN-US>A<A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/43104.htm" target=_blank><SPAN style="COLOR: #3366cc" lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>天线</SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN>为<SPAN lang=EN-US>12dBd</SPAN>,<SPAN lang=EN-US>B</SPAN>天线为<SPAN lang=EN-US>14dBd</SPAN>,可以说<SPAN lang=EN-US>A</SPAN>比<SPAN lang=EN-US>B</SPAN>小<SPAN lang=EN-US>2dB</SPAN>。<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>dBm</SPAN>是一个表示功率绝对值的单位,计算公式为:<SPAN lang=EN-US>10lg</SPAN>功率值<SPAN lang=EN-US>/1mW</SPAN>。例如:如果发射功率为<SPAN lang=EN-US>1mW</SPAN>,按<SPAN lang=EN-US>dBm</SPAN>单位进行折算后的值应为:<SPAN lang=EN-US>10 lg 1mW/1mW = 0dBm</SPAN>;对于<SPAN lang=EN-US>40W</SPAN>的功率<SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN>则<SPAN lang=EN-US>10 lg(40W/1mW)=46dBm</SPAN>。<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; MARGIN: 11.25pt 0cm; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 4" class=MsoNormal align=left><A name=3_1></A><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; TEXT-INDENT: 6.3pt; MARGIN: 11.25pt 0cm; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 4; mso-char-indent-count: .49" class=MsoNormal align=left><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>1</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">、<SPAN lang=EN-US>dBm<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>dBm</SPAN>是一个考征功率绝对值的值,计算公式为:<SPAN lang=EN-US>10lg</SPAN>(功率值<SPAN lang=EN-US>/1mw</SPAN>)。<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>[</SPAN>例<SPAN lang=EN-US>1] </SPAN>如果发射功率<SPAN lang=EN-US>P</SPAN>为<SPAN lang=EN-US>1mw</SPAN>,折算为<SPAN lang=EN-US>dBm</SPAN>后为<SPAN lang=EN-US>0dBm</SPAN>。<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>[</SPAN>例<SPAN lang=EN-US>2] </SPAN>对于<SPAN lang=EN-US>40W</SPAN>的功率,按<SPAN lang=EN-US>dBm</SPAN>单位进行折算后的值应为:<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>10lg</SPAN>(<SPAN lang=EN-US>40W/1mw)=10lg</SPAN>(<SPAN lang=EN-US>40000</SPAN>)<SPAN lang=EN-US>=10lg4+10lg10+10lg1000=46dBm</SPAN>。<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; MARGIN: 11.25pt 0cm; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 4" class=MsoNormal align=left><A name=3_2></A><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>2</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">、<SPAN lang=EN-US>dBi </SPAN>和<SPAN lang=EN-US>dBd<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>dBi</SPAN>和<SPAN lang=EN-US>dBd</SPAN>是考征增益的值(功率增益),两者都是一个相对值<SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN>但参考基准不一样。<SPAN lang=EN-US>dBi</SPAN>的参考基准为全方向性天线,<SPAN lang=EN-US>dBd</SPAN>的参考基准为偶极子<SPAN lang=EN-US>,</SPAN>所以两者略有不同。一般认为,表示同一个增益,用<SPAN lang=EN-US>dBi</SPAN>表示出来比用<SPAN lang=EN-US>dBd</SPAN>表示出来要大<SPAN lang=EN-US>2. 15</SPAN>。<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US>[</SPAN>例<SPAN lang=EN-US>3] </SPAN>对于一面增益为<SPAN lang=EN-US>16dBd</SPAN>的天线,其增益折算成单位为<SPAN lang=EN-US>dBi</SPAN>时,则为<SPAN lang=EN-US>18.15dBi </SPAN>(一般忽略小数位,为<SPAN lang=EN-US>18dBi</SPAN>)。<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US>[</SPAN>例<SPAN lang=EN-US>4] 0dBd=2.15dBi</SPAN>。<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <SPAN lang=EN-US>[</SPAN>例<SPAN lang=EN-US>5] GSM900</SPAN>天线增益可以为<SPAN lang=EN-US>13dBd</SPAN>(<SPAN lang=EN-US>15dBi</SPAN>),<SPAN lang=EN-US>GSM1800</SPAN>天线增益可以为<SPAN lang=EN-US>15dBd</SPAN>(<SPAN lang=EN-US>17dBi)</SPAN>。 <A name=3_3></A><B><SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN>、<SPAN lang=EN-US>dB<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>dB</SPAN>是一个表征相对值的值,当考虑甲的功率相比于乙功率大或小多少个<SPAN lang=EN-US>dB</SPAN>时,按下面计算公式:<SPAN lang=EN-US>10lg</SPAN>(甲功率<SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN>乙功率)<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>[</SPAN>例<SPAN lang=EN-US>6] </SPAN>甲功率比乙功率大一倍,那么<SPAN lang=EN-US>10lg</SPAN>(甲功率<SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN>乙功率)<SPAN lang=EN-US>=10lg2=3dB</SPAN>。<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  也就是说,甲的功率比乙的功率大<SPAN lang=EN-US>3 dB</SPAN>。<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>[</SPAN>例<SPAN lang=EN-US>7] 7/8 </SPAN>英寸<SPAN lang=EN-US>GSM900</SPAN>馈线的<SPAN lang=EN-US>100</SPAN>米传输损耗约为<SPAN lang=EN-US>3.9dB</SPAN>。<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>[</SPAN>例<SPAN lang=EN-US>8] </SPAN>如果甲的功率为<SPAN lang=EN-US>46dBm</SPAN>,乙的功率为<SPAN lang=EN-US>40dBm</SPAN>,则可以说,甲比乙大<SPAN lang=EN-US>6 dB</SPAN>。<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>[</SPAN>例<SPAN lang=EN-US>9] </SPAN>如果甲天线为<SPAN lang=EN-US>12dBd</SPAN>,乙天线为<SPAN lang=EN-US>14dBd</SPAN>,可以说甲比乙小<SPAN lang=EN-US>2 dB</SPAN>。<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; MARGIN: 11.25pt 0cm; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 4" class=MsoNormal align=left><A name=3_4></A><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>4</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">、<SPAN lang=EN-US>dBc<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  有时也会看到<SPAN lang=EN-US>dBc</SPAN>,它也是一个表示功率相对值的单位,与<SPAN lang=EN-US>dB</SPAN>的计算方法完全一样。<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  一般来说,<SPAN lang=EN-US>dBc </SPAN>是相对于载波(<SPAN lang=EN-US>Carrier</SPAN>)功率而言,在许多情况下,用来度量与<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  载波功率的相对值,如用来度量干扰(同频干扰、互调干扰、交调干扰、带外干扰等)   以及耦合、杂散等的相对量值。在采用<SPAN lang=EN-US>dBc</SPAN>的地方,原则上也可以使用<SPAN lang=EN-US>dB</SPAN>替代。<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  搞无线和通信经常要碰到的<SPAN lang=EN-US>dBm, dBi, dBd, dB, dBc <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; MARGIN: 11.25pt 0cm; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 4" class=MsoNormal align=left><A name=3_5></A><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">经验算法:<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  有个简便公式:<SPAN lang=EN-US>0dBm=0.001W </SPAN>左边加<SPAN lang=EN-US>10=</SPAN>右边乘<SPAN lang=EN-US>10 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  所以<SPAN lang=EN-US>0+10dBM=0.001*10W </SPAN>即<SPAN lang=EN-US>10DBM=0.01W <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  故得<SPAN lang=EN-US>20DBM=0.1W 30DBM=1W 40dBM=10W <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> 还有左边加<SPAN lang=EN-US>3=</SPAN>右边乘<SPAN lang=EN-US>2</SPAN>,如<SPAN lang=EN-US>40+3dBM=10*2W</SPAN>,即<SPAN lang=EN-US>43dBm=20W</SPAN>,这些是经验公式,蛮好用的。<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  所以<SPAN lang=EN-US>-50dBm=0dBm-10-10-10-10-10=1mW/10/10/10/10/10=0.00001mW</SPAN>。<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; MARGIN: 11.25pt 0cm; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 4" class=MsoNormal align=left><A name=3_6></A><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; MARGIN: 11.25pt 0cm; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 4" class=MsoNormal align=left><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>dbm</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">的计算方法:<SPAN lang=EN-US>(dBm</SPAN>与<SPAN lang=EN-US>mW)<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  一般坊间贩售的<SPAN lang=EN-US>802.11x</SPAN>无线网路<SPAN lang=EN-US>AP</SPAN>上头,常会有规格说明,里头总会有一项说明到这个<SPAN lang=EN-US>AP</SPAN>(或是无线网路卡),它的传输功率(<SPAN lang=EN-US>transmission POWER</SPAN>)有<SPAN lang=EN-US>20dBm</SPAN>,或者有些产品,是以<SPAN lang=EN-US>mW</SPAN>(<SPAN lang=EN-US>milliWatts</SPAN>)为单位,例如很有名的神脑长距离网卡,就说他们的网卡具有高达<SPAN lang=EN-US>100mW</SPAN>的发射功率。<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  这些单位是怎么回事呢?<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>dBm</SPAN>是<SPAN lang=EN-US>dB-milliWatt</SPAN>,即是这个读数是在与一个<SPAN lang=EN-US>milliWatt</SPAN>作比较而得出的数字。在仪器中如果显示着<SPAN lang=EN-US>0dBm</SPAN>的意思即表示这个讯号与<SPAN lang=EN-US>1mW</SPAN>的讯号没有分别,也就是说这个讯号的强度就是<SPAN lang=EN-US>1mW</SPAN>了。至于<SPAN lang=EN-US>Watt</SPAN>(瓦特)是功率的单位我想大家都知道,就不赘述了。<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  所以我们必须先从<SPAN lang=EN-US>dB</SPAN>讲起,<SPAN lang=EN-US>dB</SPAN>到底是什么呢?<SPAN lang=EN-US> dB</SPAN>的全写是<SPAN lang=EN-US>decibel</SPAN>,英文(其实是拉丁语文)中<SPAN lang=EN-US>deci</SPAN>即十分一的的意思。这个单位原本是<SPAN lang=EN-US>bel </SPAN>。但因为要达到一个<SPAN lang=EN-US>bel</SPAN>的数值比较所需之能量差通常都较为大而在电路学上并不常用,故此才比较常用十分之一<SPAN lang=EN-US>bel</SPAN>,亦即<SPAN lang=EN-US>decibel</SPAN>这个单位了。<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  那么<SPAN lang=EN-US>decibel</SPAN>(或者<SPAN lang=EN-US>bel</SPAN>)又指什么呢?<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  其实它是指当你遇上有两个能量(讯号)的时候,<SPAN lang=EN-US>dB</SPAN>就是我们用来表示这两个能量之间的差别的一种表示单位。它本身并不是一个独立的(如伏特<SPAN lang=EN-US>Volt</SPAN>、安培<SPAN lang=EN-US>Ampere</SPAN>等)绝对单位,<SPAN lang=EN-US>dB</SPAN>这个单位一出现即意味着是有两个同样性质的能量(或讯号)正在被比较之中而获得的单位。<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  至此或许大家会有疑问:「既然<SPAN lang=EN-US>dB</SPAN>只是表示两个讯号间的能量差别的话,为何不干脆用<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>倍数<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>来做表示呢?是否为了要故作深奥而造出这个单位来呢?」<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  当然不是啦!不过这个问题倒也问得相当好。不是吗?干脆用<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>倍数<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>不是来得简单易懂而不致于有这么多的人搞错了观念吗?某程度上林教官也相当同意这个说法。譬如当你制作一部高频线性放大器(<SPAN lang=EN-US>LINEAR Amp.</SPAN>)时,它的输入所需功率是<SPAN lang=EN-US>10Watts</SPAN>而输出则可达<SPAN lang=EN-US>40Watts</SPAN>的话,为何不干脆说有四倍的增益而要说成是<SPAN lang=EN-US>6dB</SPAN>的增益呢?在这个例子之中,其实的确是用<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>四倍<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>这个说法来得干脆俐落,但试看一看另一个同类例子<SPAN lang=EN-US>…… <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  今天我们试想像一套发射设备由初级振荡的能量以至最后级的输出功率之间的增益<SPAN lang=EN-US>…</SPAN>,假设在初级振荡时的功率是<SPAN lang=EN-US>0.5mW</SPAN>(注意是假设,真的当然会远低于此数)而在最后的<SPAN lang=EN-US>LINEAR Amp.</SPAN>输出是<SPAN lang=EN-US>2kW</SPAN>。现在试算一算它们之间的倍数差别<SPAN lang=EN-US>……</SPAN>,<SPAN lang=EN-US>2kW</SPAN>就是<SPAN lang=EN-US>2000Watts</SPAN>亦即<SPAN lang=EN-US>2,000,000mW</SPAN>用<SPAN lang=EN-US>2,000,000mW</SPAN>除以<SPAN lang=EN-US>0.5mW</SPAN>便得出倍数,即<SPAN lang=EN-US>4,000,000</SPAN>倍了。试想一想,我已假设了振荡级是<SPAN lang=EN-US>0.5mW</SPAN>那么大都还得出了四百万倍这个如此惊人的数字,一旦用上真实的数字的话那倍数势必比四百万来得更大更多位数了。至此大家或许已经明白在各类电子及无线电电路中(尤其是接收方面)这类倍数之差别比比皆是(即如一部厂制的发射机的抗干扰能力是优于一百万倍就标示成<SPAN lang=EN-US>better than 60dB</SPAN>)。如果每次都要在各个层面(例如说明书,规格表)内都标示出数百万以至千万甚至亿倍的数字将会是何等的不方便啊!<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA" lang=EN-US><BR style="PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: always" clear=all></SPAN></B>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 16.5pt; MARGIN: 11.25pt 0cm; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 4" class=MsoNormal align=left><A name=3_7></A><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">那么<SPAN lang=EN-US>dB</SPAN>又是如何运算出来的呢?<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>bel = log ( P2 / P1 ) <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  上面公式里头,<SPAN lang=EN-US>P1</SPAN>就是第一个被比较的能量(讯号),<SPAN lang=EN-US>P2</SPAN>就是第二个作比较的能量(讯号),<SPAN lang=EN-US>P1</SPAN>与<SPAN lang=EN-US>P2</SPAN>的单位要大家相同。<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>dB = 10 * bel = 10 * log ( P2 / P1 ) <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  例:第一个讯号功率是<SPAN lang=EN-US>4Watts</SPAN>,第二个讯号功率是<SPAN lang=EN-US>24Watts</SPAN>,那增益就是:<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>10 * log ( 24 / 4 ) = 10 * log6 = 7.78 dB <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>OK</SPAN>,我们回到<SPAN lang=EN-US>dBm</SPAN>来看,因此换算<SPAN lang=EN-US>dBm</SPAN>与<SPAN lang=EN-US>mW</SPAN>的公式就应该是长成这样:<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>dBm = 10 * log(mW)</SPAN>或<SPAN lang=EN-US>mW = 10^( dBm / 10 ) <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  所以底下这些例子大家可以验算一下:<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>0 dBm = 1 mW <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>10 dBm = 10 mW <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>14 dBm = 25 mW <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>15 dBm = 32 mW <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>16 dBm = 40 mW <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>17 dBm = 50 mW <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>20 dBm = 100 mW <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>30 dBm = 1000 mW = 1W <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  如果大家都很聪明,一定可以从<SPAN lang=EN-US>log</SPAN>的基本性质中,发现到底下的<SPAN lang=EN-US>rule</SPAN>:<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>dB</SPAN>增加<SPAN lang=EN-US>3dB = mW</SPAN>乘<SPAN lang=EN-US>2</SPAN>倍;<SPAN lang=EN-US> dB</SPAN>减少<SPAN lang=EN-US>3dB = mW</SPAN>变成<SPAN lang=EN-US>1/2 </SPAN>;增加<SPAN lang=EN-US>10dB =</SPAN>乘<SPAN lang=EN-US>10</SPAN>倍<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  这样一来,你便可以用你的脑袋直接进行快速运算来求得概略值:<SPAN lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>+3db = *2 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>+6db = *4 (2*2) <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>+7db = *5 (+10db-3db = 10/2) <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>+4db = *2.5 (+10db-6db = 10/4) <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>+1db = *1.25 (+4db-3db) <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  <SPAN lang=EN-US>+2dBm=*1.6(+6dBm-4dBm=4/2.5=1.6) <o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">  举个例子,假设你已经知道<SPAN lang=EN-US>0dBm = 1mW</SPAN>,那么<SPAN lang=EN-US>3dBm</SPAN>当然就等于<SPAN lang=EN-US>2mW</SPAN>啰。那么,<SPAN lang=EN-US>47dBm</SPAN>呢?<SPAN lang=EN-US> 40dBm → 10^4mW</SPAN>,再多<SPAN lang=EN-US>7dBm → 5 * 10^4mW = 50W</SPAN>。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>lg</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">,表示以</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>10</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">为底的对数</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">常用对数</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">,如</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>lg 10=1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  若</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> 10^y=x </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">则</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>y</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">是</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>x</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">的常用对数:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> y=lgx <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  函数</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>y=lgx <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  零点</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> x = 1 <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  在</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>R+</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">单调递增</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  导数</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> d/dx(lgx) = 1/(x ln10) <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  不定积分</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> ∫ lgx dx = (x lnx-x)/(ln10)+c <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  当</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>x&lt;0 y=lg(-x)+iπ <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>lim lgx = -∞ </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>x→0</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 2" class=MsoNormal align=left><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">对数的概念</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 18pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  英语名词:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>logarithms </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">如果</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>a^b=n</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">,那么</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>log(a)(n)=b</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">。其中,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>a</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">叫做</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">底数</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>n</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">叫做</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">真数</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>b</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">叫做</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">以</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>a</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">为底的</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>n</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">的对数</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> log(a)(n)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">函数叫做对数函数。对数函数中</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>n</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">的定义域是</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>n&gt;0</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">,零和负数没有对数;</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>a</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">的定义域是</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>a&gt;0</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">且</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>a≠1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 2" class=MsoNormal align=left><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 18pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>[<A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/426996.htm##"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #3366cc; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial" lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>编辑本段</SPAN></SPAN></A>]<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 2" class=MsoNormal align=left><A name=2></A><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">对数的历史</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 18pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  对数是中学初等数学中的重要内容,那么当初是谁首创</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">对数</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">这种高级运算的呢?在数学史上,一般认为对数的发明者是十六世纪末到十七世纪初的苏格兰数学家</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>——</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">纳皮尔(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>Napier</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>1550-1617</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">年)男爵。在纳皮尔所处的年代,哥白尼的</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">太阳中心说</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">刚刚开始流行,这导致天文学成为当时的热门学科。可是由于当时常量数学的局限性,天文学家们不得不花费很大的精力去计算那些繁杂的</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">天文数字</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">,因此浪费了若干年甚至毕生的宝贵时间。纳皮尔也是当时的一位天文爱好者,为了简化计算,他多年潜心研究大数字的计算技术,终于独立发明了对数。当然,纳皮尔所发明的对数,在形式上与现代数学中的对数理论并不完全一样。在纳皮尔那个时代,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">指数</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">这个概念还尚未形成,因此纳皮尔并不是像现行代数课本中那样,通过指数来引出对数,而是通过研究直线运动得出对数概念的。那么,当时纳皮尔所发明的对数运算,是怎么一回事呢?在那个时代,计算多位数之间的乘积,还是十分复杂的运算,因此纳皮尔首先发明了一种计算特殊多位数之间乘积的方法。让我们来看看下面这个例子:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> n 0</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> 4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> 5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> 6</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> 7 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> 8 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> 9 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> 10 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> 11 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> 12 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> 13 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> 14 </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>…… 2^n 1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>8</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>16</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>32</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>64</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>128</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>256</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>512</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>1024</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>2048</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>4096</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>8192</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>16384</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>…… </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">这两行数字之间的关系是极为明确的:第一行表示</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">的指数,第二行表示</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">的对应幂。如果我们要计算第二行中两个数的乘积,可以通过第一行对应数字的加和来实现。比如,计算</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>64×256</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">的值,就可以先查询第一行的对应数字:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>64</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">对应</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>6</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>256</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">对应</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>8</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">;然后再把第一行中的对应数字加和起来:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>6</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">+</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>8</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">=</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>14</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">;第一行中的</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>14</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">,对应第二行中的</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>16384</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">,所以有:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>64×256</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">=</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>16384</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">。纳皮尔的这种计算方法,实际上已经完全是现代数学中</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">对数运算</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">的思想了。回忆一下,我们在中学学习</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">运用对数简化计算</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">的时候,采用的不正是这种思路吗:计算两个复杂数的乘积,先查《常用对数表》,找到这两个复杂数的常用对数,再把这两个常用对数值相加,再通过《常用对数的反对数表》查出加和值的反对数值,就是原先那两个复杂数的乘积了。这种</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">化乘除为加减</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">,从而达到简化计算的思路,不正是对数运算的明显特征吗?经过多年的探索,纳皮尔男爵于</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>1614</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">年出版了他的名著《奇妙的对数定律说明书》,向世人公布了他的这项发明,并且解释了这项发明的特点。所以,纳皮尔是当之无愧的</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">对数缔造者</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">,理应在数学史上享有这份殊荣。伟大的导师恩格斯在他的著作《自然辩证法》中,曾经把笛卡尔的坐标、纳皮尔的对数、牛顿和莱布尼兹的微积分共同称为十七世纪的三大数学发明。法国著名的数学家、天文学家拉普拉斯(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>PierreSimonLaplace</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>1749-1827</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)曾说对数可以缩短计算时间,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">在实效上等于把天文学家的寿命延长了许多倍</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 2" class=MsoNormal align=left><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 18pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US>[<A href="http://baike.baidu.com/view/426996.htm##"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: #3366cc; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial" lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>编辑本段</SPAN></SPAN></A>]<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-outline-level: 2" class=MsoNormal align=left><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 18pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">对数的性质及推导</SPAN></B><B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 18pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  定义:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">若</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>a^n=b(a&gt;0</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">且</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>a≠1) </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">则</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>n=log(a)(b) </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">基本性质:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> 1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>a^(log(a)(b))=b <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>log(a)(MN)=log(a)(M)+log(a)(N); <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>log(a)(M÷N)=log(a)(M)-log(a)(N); <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>log(a)(M^n)=nlog(a)(M) <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>5</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>log(a^n)M=1/nlog(a)(M) <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  推导</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、因为</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>n=log(a)(b)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">,代入则</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>a^n=b</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">,即</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>a^(log(a)(b))=b</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>MN=M×N <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  由基本性质</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>1(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">换掉</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>M</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">和</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>N) <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>a^ = a^×a^ <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  由指数的性质</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>a^ = a^{ + } <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  又因为指数函数是单调函数,所以</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>log(a)(MN) = log(a)(M) + log(a)(N) <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>3</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、与(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)类似处理</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> MN=M÷N <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  由基本性质</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>1(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">换掉</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>M</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">和</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>N) <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>a^ = a^÷a^ <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  由指数的性质</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>a^ = a^{ - } <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  又因为指数函数是单调函数,所以</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>log(a)(M÷N) = log(a)(M) - log(a)(N) <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">、与(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">)类似处理</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>M^n=M^n </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">由基本性质</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>1(</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">换掉</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>M) a^ = {a^}^n <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  由指数的性质</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>a^ = a^{*n} <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  又因为指数函数是单调函数,所以</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>log(a)(M^n)=nlog(a)(M) <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  基本性质</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">推广</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>log(a^n)(b^m)=m/n* <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  推导如下:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">由换底公式(换底公式见下面)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> log(a^n)(b^m)=ln(b^m)÷ln(a^n) <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  换底公式的推导:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">设</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>e^x=b^m,e^y=a^n </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">则</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>log(a^n)(b^m)=log(e^y)(e^x)=x/y x=ln(b^m),y=ln(a^n) </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">得:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>log(a^n)(b^m)=ln(b^m)÷ln(a^n) <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="TEXT-ALIGN: left; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; WORD-BREAK: break-all; mso-pagination: widow-orphan" class=MsoNormal align=left><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  由基本性质</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US>4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">可得</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> log(a^n)(b^m) = ÷ = (m÷n)×{÷} <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial">  再由换底公式</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt" lang=EN-US> log(a^n)(b^m)=m÷n×</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; LETTER-SPACING: 0.4pt; COLOR: black; FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt" lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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